Is There a Connection Between Bipolar Disorder and Addiction?

Bipolar disorder, once referred to as manic depression, is a condition characterized by extreme mood swings that can affect energy levels, behavior, sleep patterns, decision-making, and the ability to think clearly. Because of the extreme highs and lows of the disorder, people often turn to substances to create a balance in their mood.

A person with bipolar disorder can experience emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). During a manic episode, a person can be very energetic, feel a sense of euphoria, have increased confidence, and be very talkative. They may feel comfortable with risky behavior including substance abuse. In contrast to manic behavior, a person can feel depressed, sad, and hopeless, lack energy, and lose interest in things that they normally enjoy. During depressive episodes, a person can feel fatigued, have trouble concentrating, and have difficulty sleeping. 

Depending on the type of bipolar disorder a person has, studies show that 30 to 50 percent of those with bipolar disorder also experience substance abuse. Substance abuse is more likely to occur in those with bipolar disorder than with any other mental health condition. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, this co-occurrence makes it more difficult to treat both disorders.

Relationship Between Bipolar Disorder and Addiction

There is a strong association between bipolar disorder and substance abuse, with individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder facing a higher risk of substance abuse. Some of the reasons for the association may include:

Self-Medication. People with bipolar disorder may turn to substances to manage their symptoms. They “self-medicate” to cope with mood swings, manage depression, ease anxiety or calm agitation. Substances like alcohol and drugs can temporarily relieve symptoms, making them a sought-after coping mechanism.

Genetic Factors. Genetics are involved in both bipolar disorder and addiction. Having a family history of either condition can increase the chances of developing one or both conditions. Genetic factors can affect the way the brain responds to substances and increase the risk of abuse.

Neurobiological Factors. Both bipolar disorder and addiction have common neurobiological traits and affect overall brain function. They both change the brain’s reward system and lead to an imbalance of brain neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. Changes in these neurotransmitters can make a person more susceptible to mood disorders and substance abuse.

Behavioral Issues. During manic episodes, a person can be impulsive, have poor judgment, and engage in risky behavior, including substance use. This increases the likelihood of developing alcohol addiction and substance dependency.

Environmental Factors. Stress is one of the most common results of mood disorders. Manic and depressive episodes can lead to problems at work, at home, with friends, and in relationships and can cause legal or financial problems. Substance use can develop or escalate as a way of responding to these stressors.

Substance abuse and alcohol addiction have a negative effect on bipolar disorder because they can affect the intensity, frequency, and duration of mood episodes. This makes treatment for bipolar disorder less effective and more complex. 

Managing Bipolar Disorder and Addiction Together

Treating bipolar disorder and addiction at the same time can be a challenge, but treatment is essential and often includes a combination of approaches.

Medication. To manage bipolar disorder symptoms medication like antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics are used. Through Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) medications are often combined to treat both bipolar and dependency rather than each condition separately.

Psychotherapy. Different forms of therapy – including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Motivation Interviewing (MI) – can help identify triggers, teach coping strategies, and build healthier habits.

Treatment Programs. It is important to have a coordinated treatment plan for both bipolar disorder and substance use disorder. A team of trained professionals will work together to find the best treatment course specific to a person’s needs. Support groups and community programs can be a helpful tool in the treatment of alcohol addiction and substance abuse.

Support Groups. Connecting with others who have experienced similar challenges can provide emotional support, encouragement, and practical advice.

Healthy Lifestyle. Eating a balanced diet, moving your body, and getting adequate sleep can improve overall well-being and reduce the risk of relapse.

Outlook for a Positive Future

When a person understands the relationship between bipolar disorder and substance abuse, they will learn the importance of treatment and recovery from dependency.

With a comprehensive evaluation, a treatment plan can be developed that will focus on all aspects of a person’s condition and find ways to manage medication with effective tools and programs for recovery from alcohol addiction and substance abuse.

There are many resources available to those with bipolar disorder who have turned to substances to manage their symptoms. When a person with bipolar disorder also has a dependency, treating their mental health becomes more of a challenge. Collaborating with a team of dedicated professionals, an integrated treatment plan can help manage both co-occurring disorders.